Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, driving the need for innovative treatment strategies. Nanoparticle-based systems, particularly iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), offer a promising approach due to their dual functionality in diagnosis (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging) and therapy (e.g., hyperthermia, drug delivery). IONPs are valued for their magnetic properties, biocompatibility, and low toxicity, which can be further enhanced by polymer surface modifications. Incorporating lithocholic acid, a naturally occurring bile acid with cell-penetrating properties, may improve cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy.
This study evaluates nano-engineered formulations comprising iron oxide cores with steroid-based polymeric shells functionalized with either folic acid (targeting agent) or doxorubicin (chemotherapeutic drug). We describe the synthesis and characterization of IONPs coated with lithocholic acid-derived polymer layers covalently linked to these functional agents. Cytotoxicity was assessed against normal (RBCs, THP-1, CCD-1079sk, and H9C2(2-1)) and cancerous (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and HeLa) cell lines using MTT and Neutral Red assays. Additionally, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), caspase 8 and 9 expression, and the impact on cytochrome P450 enzyme activity were evaluated in cancer cells.
The results demonstrate that the synthesized nanoparticles selectively target cancer cells, inducing apoptosis through caspase activation while sparing normal cells. These findings highlight the potential of these formulations as effective, biocompatible systems for targeted cancer therapy.
Reference: D. Szymczuk, et al. RSC Advances, 2025, 15, 14246.
Acknowledgment: NCN OPUS 18 (2019/35/B/ST5/03391). Analyses were conducted at the Centre BioNanoTechno, University of Bialystok.